{"id":25899,"date":"2025-09-21T01:05:35","date_gmt":"2025-09-21T01:05:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/?page_id=25899"},"modified":"2025-09-27T06:39:27","modified_gmt":"2025-09-27T06:39:27","slug":"lithosphere","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/lithosphere\/","title":{"rendered":"1b3 Lithosphere"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-25899\" data-postid=\"25899\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-25899 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n                    <div  data-css_id=\"dvga448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_dvga448 tb_first tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_l1ea448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_v5xp448 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module fancy heading -->\n<div  class=\"module module-fancy-heading tb_2065448  tb_hide_divider\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <h1 class=\"fancy-heading tf_textc\">\n    <span class=\"main-head tf_block\">\n                    Lithosphere            <\/span>\n\n    \n    <span class=\"sub-head tf_block tf_rel\">\n                    Rocks, Nutrients, &amp; Soils            <\/span>\n    <\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module fancy heading -->\n<!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_pmsz448 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"g7ew448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_g7ew448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_las5448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_bd5y448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2a3.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_1hya448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_poho448    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3><strong>Lithosphere Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_nos4448    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li>\n<p><b>Explain the significance of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Describe impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, including wind and soil erosion.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"kz8b448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_kz8b448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_0kr7448 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_bfjx448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The lithosphere includes layers of rocks and is the sink for many nutrients.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"wh7i448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_wh7i448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_6ehv448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_pm7w448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1613979661.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"350\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_3ma7448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ng4z448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Most of the active nutrient cycling is occurring in the outer crust although volcanic activity can bring nutrients to the surface.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_6l41448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_a44r448 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_w3yc448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Nitrogen<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"1zpl448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_1zpl448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_18pn448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_wemo448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1562654851.jpg\" width=\"2428\" height=\"550\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_pruf448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_1rb9448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">The primary sink for nitrogen is the _________.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Nitrogen also plays important roles in the water and within soils.<\/p>\n<h6>\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"yaze448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_yaze448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_rrw0448 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_iyhr448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">From this video, which organisms are key in transforming atmospheric nitrogen into a molecular form that can be used by other species?<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_nl39448 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/461695748?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"0wo0448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_0wo0448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_iap1448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_yrkj448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1255963513-2.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"350\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_ezcy448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gcd4448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">If you set up a fish tank, or in this example a freshwater shrimp tank, it is critical that bacterial colonies establish to break down the nitrogen molecules from animal excretions and decaying plants.\u00a0 Accumulating ammonia can be deadly and only detectable through water testing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In many cases it is a good idea to start with a small number of plants and animals until the bacteria transfer in from the air and establish in number.\u00a0 Another possibility is to transfer bacteria-rich sediment and\/or plants from another tank.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"kgh1448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_kgh1448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_wlms448 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_2u9k448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In this tank, bacteria are primarily located in the sediment and on the surface of the freshwater aquatic plants.<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_auw4448 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/462753426?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_vdio448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_lyns448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In this tank the bacteria, along with green photosynthetic algae, are abundant in the water column.<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_1y3c448 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/462753377?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-anchor=\"reservation\" data-css_id=\"zo9r448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_has_section tb_section-reservation tb_zo9r448 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_l7ak448 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_f8xo448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_ute3448 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_lc37448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"jc6j448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_jc6j448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_t71d448 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_1dm0448 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/366011550?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_5ll5448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_orun448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Wind can have a significant impact on species.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"6pr3448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_6pr3448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_0h0k448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_xihd448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/wind-risk-1024x656.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_i35m448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_lwqf448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Wind can increase water loss, erode at plant structures, and drop temperature barriers around a plant.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"wr7t448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_wr7t448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_rfqt448 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_3bdx448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: right;\">Wind can also increase rates of soil erosion.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_9ymb448 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_qaom448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/wind-soil-1024x647.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"647\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"fxxc448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_fxxc448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_82e1448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_zmbf448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/windy-plants-1024x639.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"639\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_3q2o448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_okv2448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Plants in windy habitats have structural features that reduce exposure.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">These are similar to adaptations plants have in cold habitats.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"gv4q448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_gv4q448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_3 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_7o0e448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_5oeo448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/conifer-needles-1024x953.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"300\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_2adg448\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_hg32448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\">Conifer needles and cactus needles are both examples of leaf shapes that reduce exposure to harsh environmental conditions, including extremes in temperature.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_mn7z448 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_0orl448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/cactus-spine-1010x1024.jpg\" width=\"1010\" height=\"300\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"zkl9448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_zkl9448 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_lrwo448 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_4acb448 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/366010461?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_09ai448 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_p8gn448   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Pines that have evolved in windy coastal environments over time have a different growth form than pines living on central mountains.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-anchor=\"reservation\" data-css_id=\"tpli448\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_has_section tb_section-reservation tb_tpli448 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_sjqo448 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"pv9z447\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_pv9z447 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_bukp448 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_npbn448 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2a3-1.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_oepd447 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_zhgn448    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5><strong>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/strong><\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_45y2448    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li>\n<p><b>explain the significance of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>describe impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, including wind and soil erosion?<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"t43u447\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_t43u447 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle gutter-none tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_ktnu447 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_sd0t447 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_z086447   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go back to the Hydrosphere Page<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_vbgg447 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_b821447 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_s7w7447   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go forward to the Climate &amp; Biomes Page<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_zvwj447 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_w0ov447 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_4q7s447   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Biosphere Guide Contents<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module divider -->\n<div  class=\"module tf_mw module-divider tb_ga35447 solid  divider-custom divider-center\" style=\"border-width: 3px;border-color: #0093af;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;max-width: 120px;\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n    <\/div>\n<!-- \/module divider -->\n<!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_kgn9447   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>This guide and corresponding lecture material are assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_4 tb_6g6y447\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_lsbb447 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_383n447 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/atmosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Atmosphere\" alt=\"Atmosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/atmosphere\/#\">\n                        Atmosphere                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_q3jk447\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_016n447 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Hydrosphere\" alt=\"Hydrosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\">\n                        Hydrosphere                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_nwr3447\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_upt2447 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Lithosphere- YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Lithosphere- YOU ARE HERE\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Lithosphere- YOU ARE HERE                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_9ieg447 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_6y7j447 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Climate &amp; Biomes\" alt=\"Climate &amp; Biomes\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\">\n                        Climate & Biomes                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"nqff147\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_nqff147 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top gutter-none tb_col_count_3 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_rn2j148 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_fjq3148 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_kz2g148   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Module 1<\/h3>\n<h5>Field &amp; Lab<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_t627147\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_3pzd147 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ua17147   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>This Guide<\/h3>\n<h5>Biosphere<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_cuu9147 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_3clc147 image-top circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_48ak147   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3>\n<h5>Submit Products<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lithosphere Objectives<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":25884,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-25899","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"builder_content":"<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<h1>Lithosphere<br\/>Rocks, Nutrients, & Soils<\/h1>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2a3.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<h3><strong>Lithosphere Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul> <li> <p><b>Explain the significance of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.<\/b><\/p> <\/li> <li> <p><b>Describe impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, including wind and soil erosion.<\/b><\/p> <\/li> <\/ul>\n<h5>The lithosphere includes layers of rocks and is the sink for many nutrients.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1613979661.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"350\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Most of the active nutrient cycling is occurring in the outer crust although volcanic activity can bring nutrients to the surface.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Nitrogen<\/h3>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1562654851.jpg\" width=\"2428\" height=\"550\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The primary sink for nitrogen is the _________.<\/p> <p>\u00a0<\/p> <p>Nitrogen also plays important roles in the water and within soils.<\/p> <h6>\u00a0<\/h6>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">From this video, which organisms are key in transforming atmospheric nitrogen into a molecular form that can be used by other species?<\/h5>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/461695748[\/embed]\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1255963513-2.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"350\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">If you set up a fish tank, or in this example a freshwater shrimp tank, it is critical that bacterial colonies establish to break down the nitrogen molecules from animal excretions and decaying plants.\u00a0 Accumulating ammonia can be deadly and only detectable through water testing.<\/p> <p style=\"text-align: left;\">In many cases it is a good idea to start with a small number of plants and animals until the bacteria transfer in from the air and establish in number.\u00a0 Another possibility is to transfer bacteria-rich sediment and\/or plants from another tank.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In this tank, bacteria are primarily located in the sediment and on the surface of the freshwater aquatic plants.<\/strong><\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/462753426[\/embed]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In this tank the bacteria, along with green photosynthetic algae, are abundant in the water column.<\/strong><\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/462753377[\/embed]\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems<\/h3>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/366011550[\/embed]\n<h5>Wind can have a significant impact on species.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/wind-risk-1024x656.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Wind can increase water loss, erode at plant structures, and drop temperature barriers around a plant.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Wind can also increase rates of soil erosion.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/wind-soil-1024x647.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"647\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/windy-plants-1024x639.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"639\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Plants in windy habitats have structural features that reduce exposure.<\/p> <p style=\"text-align: left;\">These are similar to adaptations plants have in cold habitats.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/conifer-needles-1024x953.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"300\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Conifer needles and cactus needles are both examples of leaf shapes that reduce exposure to harsh environmental conditions, including extremes in temperature.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/cactus-spine-1010x1024.jpg\" width=\"1010\" height=\"300\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/366010461[\/embed]\n<h5>Pines that have evolved in windy coastal environments over time have a different growth form than pines living on central mountains.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2a3-1.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\">\n<h5><strong>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul> <li> <p><b>explain the significance of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?<\/b><\/p> <\/li> <li> <p><b>describe impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, including wind and soil erosion?<\/b><\/p> <\/li> <\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go back to the Hydrosphere Page<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go forward to the Climate &amp; Biomes Page<\/h5>\n<h3>Biosphere Guide Contents<\/h3>\n\n<h6>This guide and corresponding lecture material are assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/atmosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Atmosphere\" alt=\"Atmosphere\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/atmosphere\/#\"> Atmosphere <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Hydrosphere\" alt=\"Hydrosphere\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\"> Hydrosphere <\/a> <\/h3>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Lithosphere- YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Lithosphere- YOU ARE HERE\"> <h3> Lithosphere- YOU ARE HERE <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Climate &amp; Biomes\" alt=\"Climate &amp; Biomes\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\"> Climate & Biomes <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Module 1<\/h3> <h5>Field &amp; Lab<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/field-lab\/biosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h3>This Guide<\/h3> <h5>Biosphere<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"1b3 Lithosphere\" alt=\"1b3 Lithosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3> <h5>Submit Products<\/h5>","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25899"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25899\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26825,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25899\/revisions\/26825"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25884"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}