{"id":26280,"date":"2025-09-26T22:55:37","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T22:55:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/?page_id=26280"},"modified":"2025-09-27T06:50:53","modified_gmt":"2025-09-27T06:50:53","slug":"atmosphere","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/atmosphere\/","title":{"rendered":"2a1 Atmosphere"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-26280\" data-postid=\"26280\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-26280 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n                    <div  data-css_id=\"zz0l370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_zz0l370 tb_first tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_mg7g370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_m68n370 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module fancy heading -->\n<div  class=\"module module-fancy-heading tb_1xin370  tb_hide_divider\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <h1 class=\"fancy-heading tf_textc\">\n    <span class=\"main-head tf_block\">\n                    Atmosphere            <\/span>\n\n    \n    <span class=\"sub-head tf_block tf_rel\">\n                    Composition, Layers, &amp; Human Impacts            <\/span>\n    <\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module fancy heading -->\n<!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_xlgd370 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"amii370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_amii370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_oh10370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_uyz5370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2a1.jpg\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_b4rl370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_uok8370    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3><strong>Atmosphere Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_4z2m370    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li><strong>Describe the basic composition of Earth&#8217;s atmosphere, including how atmospheric gases relate to ozone depletion and acid rain.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Explain the greenhouse effect including how it relates to Earth&#8217;s climate.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Provide examples of how light and color relate to leaf appearance and function.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"0m7m370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_0m7m370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_v5p3370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_dshn370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Now that you have gone through the basics of the course, including developing a safety checklist, this module introduces what to look for in the environments you may encounter.\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5>In this guide you will be building a field kit from materials you have around you (creative improvising and up-cycling encouraged!).\u00a0 In the next guide you will have your first field assignment, and it can be completed indoors successfully, if needed.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"mhmu370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_mhmu370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_jmvn370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ey3z370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_248374732.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"350\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_dac3370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_texv370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">In Guide 1A, we went through the <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/field-lab\/discovery\/course-topics\/#\">hierarchy of life<\/a> from atom to biosphere.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">We are starting this Module with the parts of the biosphere.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"euw3370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_euw3370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_qn1q370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_4htx370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p>The biosphere consists of three components.\u00a0 What are they?<\/p>\n<p>This video models a miniature biosphere you can make yourself.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_h48j370 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/461692862?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n<!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_b3b5370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p>If you would like to make your own biosphere, information is available on the resources page.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module buttons -->\n<div  class=\"module module-buttons tb_ag7p370 buttons-horizontal solid  large circle\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"module-buttons-item tf_in_flx\">\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/resources\/#\" class=\"ui builder_button tf_in_flx yellow\" >\n                                                Resources                                        <\/a>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<!-- \/module buttons -->\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"6ung370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_6ung370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_nl3s370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_5ln8370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p>Now we are focusing in on the basic characteristics of Earth&#8217;s atmosphere.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_9e7s370 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/462495897?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"er93370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_er93370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_dg9r370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_lcdh370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">This view of Mount Hood is from a jet traveling five miles above Earth&#8217;s surface, near the top of the troposphere.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_x3he370 last\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_9lkm370 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/382806947?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"r416370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_r416370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_ajse370 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_517b370 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/366652641?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_osev370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_a3hq370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Although we breath in nitrogen and need it for cellular structure and function, it takes bacteria in the soil and water to convert atmospheric nitrogen onto a form other organisms can utilize.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_gjd2370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_qfz2370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ylgr370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Atmosphere Basics<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"l7wh370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_l7wh370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_dp6o370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tb_fepg370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_hkxw370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_pfn7370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/gasesatmo-1024x809.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"809\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_zp73370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_5yqm370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Many of these gases are not directly utilized by humans, although we may need some of the nutrients (like nitrogen) to eventually reach us through the food web.\u00a0 Which gas can we directly utilize?<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"xikv370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_xikv370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_rdbu370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tb_4grj370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_cg1x370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gk35370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The Earth has a layered atmosphere, with different densities and composition of gases.<\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5>For example, there is a higher amount of ozone in part of the stratosphere than in other layers.<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_pwn1370 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_xsgt370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/layersatmo-1024x635.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"635\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"reservation\" data-css_id=\"2uv5370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_has_section tb_section-reservation tb_2uv5370 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_etf9370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_g10u370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>From the illustration above, which atmospheric layer do humans primarily live within?<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_hy4g370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_9nir370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_dm2a370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Human impacts on the atmosphere<\/h2>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"hqm1370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_hqm1370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_m0o7370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tb_wcpc370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_fc26370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_x2l3370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/shutterstock_1150100612-1024x724.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_hxix370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_9zro370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were thought to be relatively harmless molecules, and were used as refrigerants and propellants (in things like cans of hairspray).<\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5>CFCs entered the stratosphere and reacted with the ozone molecules, tearing them apart.\u00a0 It turned out that ozone was reducing the amount of ultraviolet light that reached the earth&#8217;s surface.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"qk0n370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_qk0n370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_oqww370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tb_vrab370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_7ghg370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_sedd370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Ultraviolet light can cause mutations, and increased levels impacted a wide range of organisms.\u00a0 In humans, the areas most impacted by ozone depletion (for example in New Zealand), has higher rates of cataracts (vision loss) and skin cancer.<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_xjqz370 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_nx7t370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/eyesmall-1024x576.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"9of8370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_9of8370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_d6hv370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tb_54cx370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_5ce6370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_lw19370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1205629267.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1499\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_j2am370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_6r9o370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The Montreal Protocol of 1987 limited CFC production, and although CFCs remain in the atmosphere for decades, they are decreasing and ozone concentration is recovering.<\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5>This is considered to be one of the most impactful international environmental treaties ever enacted.<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_bwsq370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_fvpc370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tb_7u1q370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_pb2w370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_wao5370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/acidrain-1024x1024.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_khsc370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_qy5n370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Which two molecules can react with water to form acid rain?\u00a0 _____ and _____<\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5>These molecules are produced by natural sources like wildland fires and volcanic eruptions.\u00a0 Human activities release concentrated streams of these gases into the atmosphere, where they can interact with water vapor.<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"lrq1370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_lrq1370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_83o9370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tb_mvbx370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_wkdm370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_j39f370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Acid rain is also called acid deposition because it can be acid fog, acid snow, or acid sleet as well.\u00a0 What are two possible impacts of acid rain?<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_rx5g370 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_mgz5370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1093338419.jpg\" width=\"2500\" height=\"2070\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ib8v370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ib8v370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_1mxh370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tb_23cp370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-3 tb_ppbi370 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_yt2z370 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/462518117?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_sf25370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gkhb370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>This video contextualizes acid rain in comparison to better-known household products.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-anchor=\"reservation\" data-css_id=\"fjji370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_has_section tb_section-reservation tb_fjji370 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_xpfb370 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_l07v370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_12w3370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_mukf370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Greenhouse Effect &amp; Climate<\/h2>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"o6md370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_o6md370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_qaq2370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_algv370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Think about how many times during the week that you have discussed the weather with someone else, or how many times you changed clothes or plans related to the weather.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Weather is short-term trends in temperature and precipitation; climate is a long-term trends in accumulated weather events.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_bmc6370 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/365135385?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"hr69370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_hr69370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_57ir370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_g6h8370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cloudlayers-1024x614.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_yya3370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_9hi6370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Specific weather can be difficult to predict more than a week in advance, and that gives an indication of how challenging it can be to create long-term climate models.<\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5>Instead of specifically predicting a day&#8217;s temperature or a week&#8217;s precipitation, climate models plot anticipated trends based on accumulated weather events over time.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"9hak370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_9hak370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_pwa2370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_pzoy370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">This video introduces the greenhouse effect.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_3442370 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/462498512?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"l646370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_l646370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_9wvb370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_n40u370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">Our climate is created by atmospheric gases that retain heat.\u00a0 What are some of these greenhouse gases?<\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">Too high of a concentration of greenhouse gases leads towards an atmosphere more like Venus; too low of a concentration is more like Mars.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_uvpi370 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_idrr370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/greenhouseeffect-1024x915.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"yrh7370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_yrh7370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_r8g1370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_sni2370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/nutcarboncycle-1-971x1024.jpg\" width=\"971\" height=\"1024\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_mylr370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_nbsp370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">This figure indicates some of the human activities that can increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">We&#8217;ll have more on how climate change and its impact on ecosystems in upcoming guides.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-anchor=\"reservation\" data-css_id=\"x9yi370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_has_section tb_section-reservation tb_x9yi370 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_q8km370 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_nhrz370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_2fow370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_qd2n370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Sunlight, Color, &amp; Leaves<\/h2>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"t5jg370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_t5jg370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_k9p5370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_75xs370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/spectrum-1024x584.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"584\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_v2h8370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_24p9370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">When white light passes through a glass prism, we see a rainbow of colors with visible (to humans) wavelengths.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"3sj9370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_3sj9370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_3 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_y37u370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_5cwo370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/eyes-green-984x1024.jpg\" width=\"984\" height=\"300\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_ix39370\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_1xik370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\">The color we see is reflected off, not absorbed by, an object.\u00a0 If we see a green leaf, the green wavelengths were reflected off of the plant.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_ujmx370 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_728r370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/light-eye-972x1024.jpg\" width=\"972\" height=\"300\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_eehl370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_3 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_ikkf370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_cxkq370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/spinach-680x1024.jpg\" width=\"680\" height=\"300\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_7siu370\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_bevq370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\">When you see a spinach leaf, the green color comes from the dominant green chlorophyll pigments, but other color pigments are present.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_eha2370 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ou11370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/pigments-854x1024.jpg\" width=\"854\" height=\"300\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"o1ad370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_o1ad370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_prym370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_0sfu370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/fall-leaves-1024x684.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_hadq370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_prq0370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Fall leaf colors occur when chlorophyll degrades as winter approaches, day length shortens, and temperatures cool.\u00a0 Loss of chlorophyll reveals yellow, orange, and red pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls) that were always there, but in lesser amounts than the green chlorophylls.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"0oz1370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_0oz1370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_lnnn370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_2 tb_qbox370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_vuh2370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_5045370 image-center bordered  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/carotene-1024x766.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"260\" title=\"Producers high in Carotenoids\" alt=\"Some producers, or parts of producers like a carrot root, have high levels or the yellow-orange to red-orange carotenoids.  These include daffodil flowers and red algae, including seaweed.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Producers high in Carotenoids                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Some producers, or parts of producers like a carrot root, have high levels or the yellow-orange to red-orange carotenoids.  These include daffodil flowers and red algae, including seaweed.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_khrj370 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_4ntb370 image-center bordered  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/flamingo-1024x682.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"260\" title=\"Consumers who eat them\" alt=\"In some cases the consumers who eat organisms with high level of carotenoids show the color themselves as well.  This includes krill, guppy fish, and flamingoes.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Consumers who eat them                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            In some cases the consumers who eat organisms with high level of carotenoids show the color themselves as well.  This includes krill, guppy fish, and flamingoes.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"4zm5370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_4zm5370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_sv3s370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_enjp370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Leaf color can relate to light intensity.<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"lwss370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_lwss370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_8sik370 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_75t0370 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/434948234?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_uyds370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_mdnq370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>We have all experienced how much cooler it can be in the shade of trees.\u00a0 Reduced sunlight can result in a small habitat (microhabitat) with increased moisture and lower temperature.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-css_id=\"q5bc370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_q5bc370 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_t0e0370 first\">\n                            <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_3 tb_gfw9370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_epl4370 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_2lje370\">\n                            <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_viev370 last\">\n                            <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"btth370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_btth370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_aai5370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_hxpe370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The next section introduces the hydrosphere, including the significance of the water molecule to biological functions.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"h0fc370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_h0fc370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_osup370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_75ji370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2a1.jpg\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_0or2370 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_4och370    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5><strong>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/strong><\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_2xay370    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li><strong>describe the basic composition of Earth&#8217;s atmosphere, including how atmospheric gases relate to ozone depletion and acid rain?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>explain the greenhouse effect including how it relates to Earth&#8217;s climate?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>provide examples of how light and color relate to leaf appearance and function?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"6dyn370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_6dyn370 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle gutter-none tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_1t01370 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_1zga370 image-top drop-shadow  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_swo3370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go back to the Biosphere Guide Overview<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_k44e370 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_kdwc370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_e0u9370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go forward to the Hydrosphere Page<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_j9g0370 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_k5o6370 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gy3x370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Biosphere Guide Contents<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module divider -->\n<div  class=\"module tf_mw module-divider tb_qnos370 solid  divider-custom divider-center\" style=\"border-width: 3px;border-color: #0093af;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;max-width: 120px;\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n    <\/div>\n<!-- \/module divider -->\n<!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ehn4370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>Complete all four of these sections before taking the quiz and making your media piece.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_4 tb_dxo2370\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_3mvd370 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_etoc370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Atmosphere- YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Atmosphere- YOU ARE HERE\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Atmosphere- YOU ARE HERE                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_hnn9370\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_5yg6370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Hydrosphere\" alt=\"Hydrosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\">\n                        Hydrosphere                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_trb9370\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_pete370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/lithosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Lithosphere\" alt=\"Lithosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/lithosphere\/#\">\n                        Lithosphere                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_5n6f370 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_0ofa370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Climate &amp; Biomes\" alt=\"Climate &amp; Biomes\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\">\n                        Climate & Biomes                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"onmh370\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_onmh370 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top gutter-none tb_col_count_4 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_14c7370 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_6h22370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_8b8m370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Back to Module 2<\/h3>\n<h5>This week&#8217;s overview<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_b6l6370\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_t4lk370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_08uq370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>This Guide<\/h3>\n<h5>2A: Biosphere<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_1r2b370\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_u8tr370 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/products\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Product-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_b9t2370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Products Information<\/h3>\n<h5>2A: Quiz &amp; Media<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_ctw3370 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_p7p9370 image-top circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_5swq370   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3>\n<h5>Submit Products<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atmosphere Objectives<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":26270,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-26280","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"builder_content":"<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h1>Atmosphere<br\/>Composition, Layers, & Human Impacts<\/h1>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2a1.jpg\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h3><strong>Atmosphere Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul> <li><strong>Describe the basic composition of Earth's atmosphere, including how atmospheric gases relate to ozone depletion and acid rain.<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Explain the greenhouse effect including how it relates to Earth's climate.<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Provide examples of how light and color relate to leaf appearance and function.<\/strong><\/li> <\/ul>\n<h5>Now that you have gone through the basics of the course, including developing a safety checklist, this module introduces what to look for in the environments you may encounter.\u00a0<\/h5> <h5>In this guide you will be building a field kit from materials you have around you (creative improvising and up-cycling encouraged!).\u00a0 In the next guide you will have your first field assignment, and it can be completed indoors successfully, if needed.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_248374732.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"350\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In Guide 1A, we went through the <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/field-lab\/discovery\/course-topics\/#\">hierarchy of life<\/a> from atom to biosphere.<\/p> <p style=\"text-align: left;\">We are starting this Module with the parts of the biosphere.<\/p>\n<p>The biosphere consists of three components.\u00a0 What are they?<\/p> <p>This video models a miniature biosphere you can make yourself.<\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/461692862[\/embed]\n<p>If you would like to make your own biosphere, information is available on the resources page.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/resources\/#\" > Resources <\/a>\n<p>Now we are focusing in on the basic characteristics of Earth's atmosphere.<\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/462495897[\/embed]\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">This view of Mount Hood is from a jet traveling five miles above Earth's surface, near the top of the troposphere.<\/h5>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/382806947[\/embed]\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/366652641[\/embed]\n<h5>Although we breath in nitrogen and need it for cellular structure and function, it takes bacteria in the soil and water to convert atmospheric nitrogen onto a form other organisms can utilize.<\/h5>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Atmosphere Basics<\/h3>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/gasesatmo-1024x809.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"809\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h5>Many of these gases are not directly utilized by humans, although we may need some of the nutrients (like nitrogen) to eventually reach us through the food web.\u00a0 Which gas can we directly utilize?<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5>The Earth has a layered atmosphere, with different densities and composition of gases.<\/h5> <h5>\u00a0<\/h5> <h5>For example, there is a higher amount of ozone in part of the stratosphere than in other layers.<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/layersatmo-1024x635.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"635\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h3>From the illustration above, which atmospheric layer do humans primarily live within?<\/h3>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Human impacts on the atmosphere<\/h2>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/shutterstock_1150100612-1024x724.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h5>Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were thought to be relatively harmless molecules, and were used as refrigerants and propellants (in things like cans of hairspray).<\/h5> <h5>\u00a0<\/h5> <h5>CFCs entered the stratosphere and reacted with the ozone molecules, tearing them apart.\u00a0 It turned out that ozone was reducing the amount of ultraviolet light that reached the earth's surface.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5>Ultraviolet light can cause mutations, and increased levels impacted a wide range of organisms.\u00a0 In humans, the areas most impacted by ozone depletion (for example in New Zealand), has higher rates of cataracts (vision loss) and skin cancer.<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/eyesmall-1024x576.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1205629267.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1499\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h5>The Montreal Protocol of 1987 limited CFC production, and although CFCs remain in the atmosphere for decades, they are decreasing and ozone concentration is recovering.<\/h5> <h5>\u00a0<\/h5> <h5>This is considered to be one of the most impactful international environmental treaties ever enacted.<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/acidrain-1024x1024.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h5>Which two molecules can react with water to form acid rain?\u00a0 _____ and _____<\/h5> <h5>\u00a0<\/h5> <h5>These molecules are produced by natural sources like wildland fires and volcanic eruptions.\u00a0 Human activities release concentrated streams of these gases into the atmosphere, where they can interact with water vapor.<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5>Acid rain is also called acid deposition because it can be acid fog, acid snow, or acid sleet as well.\u00a0 What are two possible impacts of acid rain?<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shutterstock_1093338419.jpg\" width=\"2500\" height=\"2070\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/462518117[\/embed]\n<h5>This video contextualizes acid rain in comparison to better-known household products.<\/h5>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Greenhouse Effect &amp; Climate<\/h2>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Think about how many times during the week that you have discussed the weather with someone else, or how many times you changed clothes or plans related to the weather.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6> <h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Weather is short-term trends in temperature and precipitation; climate is a long-term trends in accumulated weather events.<\/h6>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/365135385[\/embed]\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cloudlayers-1024x614.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h5>Specific weather can be difficult to predict more than a week in advance, and that gives an indication of how challenging it can be to create long-term climate models.<\/h5> <h5>\u00a0<\/h5> <h5>Instead of specifically predicting a day's temperature or a week's precipitation, climate models plot anticipated trends based on accumulated weather events over time.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">This video introduces the greenhouse effect.<\/h6>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/462498512[\/embed]\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">Our climate is created by atmospheric gases that retain heat.\u00a0 What are some of these greenhouse gases?<\/h5> <h5>\u00a0<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">Too high of a concentration of greenhouse gases leads towards an atmosphere more like Venus; too low of a concentration is more like Mars.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/greenhouseeffect-1024x915.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/nutcarboncycle-1-971x1024.jpg\" width=\"971\" height=\"1024\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">This figure indicates some of the human activities that can increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p> <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">We'll have more on how climate change and its impact on ecosystems in upcoming guides.<\/h5>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Sunlight, Color, &amp; Leaves<\/h2>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/spectrum-1024x584.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"584\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">When white light passes through a glass prism, we see a rainbow of colors with visible (to humans) wavelengths.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/eyes-green-984x1024.jpg\" width=\"984\" height=\"300\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">The color we see is reflected off, not absorbed by, an object.\u00a0 If we see a green leaf, the green wavelengths were reflected off of the plant.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/light-eye-972x1024.jpg\" width=\"972\" height=\"300\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/spinach-680x1024.jpg\" width=\"680\" height=\"300\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">When you see a spinach leaf, the green color comes from the dominant green chlorophyll pigments, but other color pigments are present.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/pigments-854x1024.jpg\" width=\"854\" height=\"300\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/fall-leaves-1024x684.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Fall leaf colors occur when chlorophyll degrades as winter approaches, day length shortens, and temperatures cool.\u00a0 Loss of chlorophyll reveals yellow, orange, and red pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls) that were always there, but in lesser amounts than the green chlorophylls.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/carotene-1024x766.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"260\" title=\"Producers high in Carotenoids\" alt=\"Some producers, or parts of producers like a carrot root, have high levels or the yellow-orange to red-orange carotenoids. These include daffodil flowers and red algae, including seaweed.\"> <h3> Producers high in Carotenoids <\/h3> Some producers, or parts of producers like a carrot root, have high levels or the yellow-orange to red-orange carotenoids. These include daffodil flowers and red algae, including seaweed.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/flamingo-1024x682.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"260\" title=\"Consumers who eat them\" alt=\"In some cases the consumers who eat organisms with high level of carotenoids show the color themselves as well. This includes krill, guppy fish, and flamingoes.\"> <h3> Consumers who eat them <\/h3> In some cases the consumers who eat organisms with high level of carotenoids show the color themselves as well. This includes krill, guppy fish, and flamingoes.\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Leaf color can relate to light intensity.<\/h3>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/434948234[\/embed]\n<h5>We have all experienced how much cooler it can be in the shade of trees.\u00a0 Reduced sunlight can result in a small habitat (microhabitat) with increased moisture and lower temperature.<\/h5>\n<h5>The next section introduces the hydrosphere, including the significance of the water molecule to biological functions.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2a1.jpg\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\">\n<h5><strong>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul> <li><strong>describe the basic composition of Earth's atmosphere, including how atmospheric gases relate to ozone depletion and acid rain?<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>explain the greenhouse effect including how it relates to Earth's climate?<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>provide examples of how light and color relate to leaf appearance and function?<\/strong><\/li> <\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go back to the Biosphere Guide Overview<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go forward to the Hydrosphere Page<\/h5>\n<h3>Biosphere Guide Contents<\/h3>\n\n<h6>Complete all four of these sections before taking the quiz and making your media piece.<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Atmosphere- YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Atmosphere- YOU ARE HERE\"> <h3> Atmosphere- YOU ARE HERE <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Hydrosphere\" alt=\"Hydrosphere\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/hydrosphere\/#\"> Hydrosphere <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/lithosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Lithosphere\" alt=\"Lithosphere\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/lithosphere\/#\"> Lithosphere <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Climate &amp; Biomes\" alt=\"Climate &amp; Biomes\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/climate-biomes\/#\"> Climate & Biomes <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Back to Module 2<\/h3> <h5>This week's overview<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h3>This Guide<\/h3> <h5>2A: Biosphere<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/biomes\/biosphere\/products\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Product-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Products Information<\/h3> <h5>2A: Quiz &amp; Media<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"2a1 Atmosphere\" alt=\"2a1 Atmosphere\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3> <h5>Submit Products<\/h5>","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26280","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26280"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26280\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26834,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26280\/revisions\/26834"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26270"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}