{"id":27814,"date":"2025-10-17T07:12:02","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T07:12:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/?page_id=27814"},"modified":"2025-10-17T19:00:19","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T19:00:19","slug":"energy-nutrients","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/energy-nutrients\/","title":{"rendered":"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-27814\" data-postid=\"27814\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-27814 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n                    <div  data-css_id=\"tvui199\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_tvui199 tb_first tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_yl92199 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_1usn199 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module fancy heading -->\n<div  class=\"module module-fancy-heading tb_fpuq199  tb_hide_divider\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <h1 class=\"fancy-heading tf_textc\">\n    <span class=\"main-head tf_block\">\n                    Energy &amp; Nutrients            <\/span>\n\n    \n    <span class=\"sub-head tf_block tf_rel\">\n                    Food Web Dynamics            <\/span>\n    <\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module fancy heading -->\n<!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_clka199 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"t2sb199\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_t2sb199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_zyby199 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_uhac199 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/a3.jpg\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_dlig199 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_s98b199    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3><strong>Energy &amp; Nutrients Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_kp26199    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Describe how energy flows and nutrients cycle within a food web.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Provide examples of different forms of fruit and seed dispersal.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"vw45199\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_vw45199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_9y8x199 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_zgdg199 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/314850937?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_czfm199 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_bhar199   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>A garden is the perfect place to explore how energy flows and nutrients cycle within a food web.<\/strong><\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_ndrs199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_otsy199 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_jvbg199   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy Flows<\/h2>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"kasa199\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_kasa199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_5y1q199 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_60z3199   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Photosynthesis is carried out by most producers, and respiration is carried out in some form by all organisms (producers, consumers, and decomposers).\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Producers convert sunlight energy into sugar molecular energy.\u00a0 When producers, consumers, and decomposers break down these sugars, the energy is\u00a0 converted to heat.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Energy is flowing through the system<\/strong>: entering as sunlight, traveling as sugar, and being lost as heat.<\/h5>\n<pre>\u00a0<\/pre>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_qs62199 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/photosynthesisrespiration-1024x318.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"318\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"f0cg199\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_f0cg199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_mln2199 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_i7rb199 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/shutterstock_751720420.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_8aie199 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_i0aw199   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Although we typically think of plants when we think of photosynthesis, algae and photosynthetic bacteria play a significant role in sugar and oxygen production.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_b445199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_m3xi199 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_dbqs199   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Nutrients Cycle<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"64rn199\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_64rn199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_4wlx199 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_l946199   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">We continually need sunlight energy to replace the energy being lost as heat.<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Nutrients are a different story.<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Molecules are broken down into simpler forms by decomposers and recycled back to producers where they travel through the trophic levels over and over again.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_be5d199 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/energynutrients-1024x319.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"319\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"g8gb199\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_g8gb199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_wgsb199 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_jlfe199   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5><strong>In this video the concepts on this webpage get put together into a basic food web.<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>An additional group of organisms mentioned are the &#8220;detritivore&#8221; consumers that eat &#8220;detritus&#8221; (dead leaves, scat\/fecal material, etc.).\u00a0 These include earthworms, some beetles, sowbugs, and more.\u00a0<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_a1k1199 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/314932573?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ezzp199\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ezzp199 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_mudx199 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_5uck199 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/430118216?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_auus199 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_is04199   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Masting year<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In some years, fruit trees produce an abundant number of fruit, called a &#8220;masting&#8221; year.\u00a0 This was a masting year for our cherry trees.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"pnc6198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_pnc6198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_cymh198 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_r9yi198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>The birds and fox left cherry pits in their scat.\u00a0 The next time you are out hiking, look for evidence of what animals are eating along the trail.<\/strong><\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_9wnj198 last\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_wzps198 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/430122372?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ai9g198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ai9g198 tf_w\" data-tbfullwidthvideo=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/365912792\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_0p54198 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_0l10198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Why may it be important for seeds to be dispersed far from a parent plant?<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_9zbd198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_uci5198 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_xxzd198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Fruit &amp; Seed Dispersal<\/h2>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"fnhh198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_fnhh198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_kofa198 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_6ykb198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fruits often have modifications that enable seeds to disperse far from the parent plant, reducing potential competition.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_tz85198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h2>Six types of fruit (and seed) dispersal<\/h2>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_2 tb_0va2198\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_jrmf198 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_3kev198 image-left rounded  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/wind.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Wind\" alt=\"Fruit are lightweight and can act like sails and wings.  Examples include maple, elm, dandelion, and fireweed.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Wind                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Fruit are lightweight and can act like sails and wings.  Examples include maple, elm, dandelion, and fireweed.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_quz8198 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_8hh4198 image-left rounded  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/burr.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Animals: Burrs and Stickseeds\" alt=\"Fruit have structures that can attach to animals skin.  Examples include burdock and thistle.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Animals: Burrs and Stickseeds                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Fruit have structures that can attach to animals skin.  Examples include burdock and thistle.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_2 tb_c1jg198\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_vkzu198 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_iyfn198 image-left rounded  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fruit.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Animals: Fleshy Fruit\" alt=\"Animals eat a fruit and either spit out the seeds or egest them in fecal material.  Examples include rose hips, cherries, and berries.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Animals: Fleshy Fruit                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Animals eat a fruit and either spit out the seeds or egest them in fecal material.  Examples include rose hips, cherries, and berries.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_dige198 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_cxly198 image-left rounded  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/nut.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Animals: Stored Nuts\" alt=\"High-energy dry fruits are stored by animals like squirrels and woodpeckers.  Some of the seeds survive and germinate.  Examples include acorns and walnuts.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Animals: Stored Nuts                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            High-energy dry fruits are stored by animals like squirrels and woodpeckers.  Some of the seeds survive and germinate.  Examples include acorns and walnuts.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_2 tb_1vyy198\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_saq0198 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_uws9198 image-left rounded  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/twist.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Propulsion: Twisting\" alt=\"The fruit dries and untwists, flinging seeds far from the parent plant.  Examples include lupine and vetch.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Propulsion: Twisting                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            The fruit dries and untwists, flinging seeds far from the parent plant.  Examples include lupine and vetch.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-2 tb_i2yv198 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_0ann198 image-left rounded  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/prop.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Propulsion: Ballisitics\" alt=\"Fruit dry and shoot seeds into the air.  We hear popping sounds on a dry summer day.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Propulsion: Ballisitics                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Fruit dry and shoot seeds into the air.  We hear popping sounds on a dry summer day.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"s1v5198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_s1v5198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_md7j198 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_59bl198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\">This video uses specimens to demonstrate fruits dispersing seeds.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_86z6198 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/430540765?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ag2w198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ag2w198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_h27b198 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_8vmv198 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/430158097?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_lbdy198 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_yp7p198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">Himalayan blackberries are invasive species in many parts of the northern hemisphere, including the willamette valley.\u00a0 You can see both the flowers and developing fruit in this video.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">How are these fruits likely dispersed?<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"geb2198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_geb2198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_iq2o198 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gcp9198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: right;\">Maple trees produce dry samara fruits.\u00a0 This video shows the fruit in action, aiding in seed dispersal.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_ldqt198 last\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_a2xo198 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/365918827?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"31kk198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_31kk198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_24sp198 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_t30l198 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/367616596?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_ulv4198 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_pn8y198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p>Many people are planting milkweed seeds because some of the species play a critical role in butterfly life cycles.\u00a0 This video shows how they can spread through a field.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"reservation\" data-css_id=\"eso9198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_has_section tb_section-reservation tb_eso9198 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_4l3t198 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"bb2q198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_bb2q198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_2sda198 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gqad198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The next section focuses in on the decomposition process, including the role of fungi and bacteria.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ccex198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_ccex198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_q1w3198 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_eps4198 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/a3.jpg\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_kmvr198 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_wdov198    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5><strong>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/strong><\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_9ird198    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>describe how energy flows and nutrients cycle within a food web?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>provide examples of different forms of fruit and seed dispersal?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"6nem198\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_6nem198 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle gutter-none tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_opir198 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_j5y2198 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/biomass\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_pxll198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go back to the Biomass Page<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_81eb198 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_wqd0198 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/decomposers\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_47mx198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go forward to the Decomposers Page<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_05ai198 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_uu33198 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_hoba198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Food Webs Lecture Guide Contents<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module divider -->\n<div  class=\"module tf_mw module-divider tb_jbzv198 solid  divider-custom divider-center\" style=\"border-width: 3px;border-color: #bf0f29;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;max-width: 120px;\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n    <\/div>\n<!-- \/module divider -->\n<!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_plqh198   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>This guide and lecture material are assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_4 tb_9vcw198\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_okz3198 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_36d9198 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/functional-groups\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Functional Groups\" alt=\"Functional Groups\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/functional-groups\/#\">\n                        Functional Groups                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_mexp198\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_90w1198 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/biomass\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Biomass\" alt=\"Biomass\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/biomass\/#\">\n                        Biomass                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_y11q198\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_0n5b198 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Energy &amp; Nutrients - YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Energy &amp; Nutrients - YOU ARE HERE\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Energy & Nutrients - YOU ARE HERE                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_lx0q198 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ieo4198 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/decomposers\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Decomposers\" alt=\"Decomposers\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/decomposers\/#\">\n                        Decomposers                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"hny7924\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_hny7924 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top gutter-none tb_col_count_3 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_m5pu924 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_pbue924 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_n3e8924   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Back to Module 4<\/h3>\n<h5>This week&#8217;s overview<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_5q2p924\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_fbj1924 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_dps4924   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>This Guide<\/h3>\n<h5>Food Webs<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_cq9o924 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_oz1z924 image-top circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_80km924   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3>\n<h5>Submit Products<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Energy &amp; Nutrients Objectives<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":27765,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-27814","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"builder_content":"<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">\n<h1>Energy & Nutrients<br\/>Food Web Dynamics<\/h1>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/a3.jpg\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">\n<h3><strong>Energy &amp; Nutrients Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul> <li> <p><strong>Describe how energy flows and nutrients cycle within a food web.<\/strong><\/p> <\/li> <li> <p><strong>Provide examples of different forms of fruit and seed dispersal.<\/strong><\/p> <\/li> <\/ul>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/314850937[\/embed]\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>A garden is the perfect place to explore how energy flows and nutrients cycle within a food web.<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Energy Flows<\/h2>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Photosynthesis is carried out by most producers, and respiration is carried out in some form by all organisms (producers, consumers, and decomposers).\u00a0<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Producers convert sunlight energy into sugar molecular energy.\u00a0 When producers, consumers, and decomposers break down these sugars, the energy is\u00a0 converted to heat.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Energy is flowing through the system<\/strong>: entering as sunlight, traveling as sugar, and being lost as heat.<\/h5> <pre>\u00a0<\/pre>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/photosynthesisrespiration-1024x318.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"318\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/shutterstock_751720420.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Although we typically think of plants when we think of photosynthesis, algae and photosynthetic bacteria play a significant role in sugar and oxygen production.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Nutrients Cycle<\/h3>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">We continually need sunlight energy to replace the energy being lost as heat.<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Nutrients are a different story.<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Molecules are broken down into simpler forms by decomposers and recycled back to producers where they travel through the trophic levels over and over again.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/energynutrients-1024x319.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"319\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">\n<h5><strong>In this video the concepts on this webpage get put together into a basic food web.<\/strong><\/h5> <p>An additional group of organisms mentioned are the \"detritivore\" consumers that eat \"detritus\" (dead leaves, scat\/fecal material, etc.).\u00a0 These include earthworms, some beetles, sowbugs, and more.\u00a0<\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/314932573[\/embed]\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/430118216[\/embed]\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Masting year<\/strong><\/h5> <p style=\"text-align: left;\">In some years, fruit trees produce an abundant number of fruit, called a \"masting\" year.\u00a0 This was a masting year for our cherry trees.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>The birds and fox left cherry pits in their scat.\u00a0 The next time you are out hiking, look for evidence of what animals are eating along the trail.<\/strong><\/h6>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/430122372[\/embed]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Why may it be important for seeds to be dispersed far from a parent plant?<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Fruit &amp; Seed Dispersal<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fruits often have modifications that enable seeds to disperse far from the parent plant, reducing potential competition.<\/p>\n<h2>Six types of fruit (and seed) dispersal<\/h2>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/wind.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Wind\" alt=\"Fruit are lightweight and can act like sails and wings. Examples include maple, elm, dandelion, and fireweed.\"> <h3> Wind <\/h3> Fruit are lightweight and can act like sails and wings. Examples include maple, elm, dandelion, and fireweed.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/burr.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Animals: Burrs and Stickseeds\" alt=\"Fruit have structures that can attach to animals skin. Examples include burdock and thistle.\"> <h3> Animals: Burrs and Stickseeds <\/h3> Fruit have structures that can attach to animals skin. Examples include burdock and thistle.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fruit.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Animals: Fleshy Fruit\" alt=\"Animals eat a fruit and either spit out the seeds or egest them in fecal material. Examples include rose hips, cherries, and berries.\"> <h3> Animals: Fleshy Fruit <\/h3> Animals eat a fruit and either spit out the seeds or egest them in fecal material. Examples include rose hips, cherries, and berries.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/nut.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Animals: Stored Nuts\" alt=\"High-energy dry fruits are stored by animals like squirrels and woodpeckers. Some of the seeds survive and germinate. Examples include acorns and walnuts.\"> <h3> Animals: Stored Nuts <\/h3> High-energy dry fruits are stored by animals like squirrels and woodpeckers. Some of the seeds survive and germinate. Examples include acorns and walnuts.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/twist.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Propulsion: Twisting\" alt=\"The fruit dries and untwists, flinging seeds far from the parent plant. Examples include lupine and vetch.\"> <h3> Propulsion: Twisting <\/h3> The fruit dries and untwists, flinging seeds far from the parent plant. Examples include lupine and vetch.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/prop.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Propulsion: Ballisitics\" alt=\"Fruit dry and shoot seeds into the air. We hear popping sounds on a dry summer day.\"> <h3> Propulsion: Ballisitics <\/h3> Fruit dry and shoot seeds into the air. We hear popping sounds on a dry summer day.\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">This video uses specimens to demonstrate fruits dispersing seeds.<\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/430540765[\/embed]\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/430158097[\/embed]\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">Himalayan blackberries are invasive species in many parts of the northern hemisphere, including the willamette valley.\u00a0 You can see both the flowers and developing fruit in this video.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6> <p style=\"text-align: left;\">How are these fruits likely dispersed?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Maple trees produce dry samara fruits.\u00a0 This video shows the fruit in action, aiding in seed dispersal.<\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/365918827[\/embed]\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/367616596[\/embed]\n<p>Many people are planting milkweed seeds because some of the species play a critical role in butterfly life cycles.\u00a0 This video shows how they can spread through a field.<\/p>\n<h5>The next section focuses in on the decomposition process, including the role of fungi and bacteria.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/a3.jpg\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\">\n<h5><strong>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul> <li> <p><strong>describe how energy flows and nutrients cycle within a food web?<\/strong><\/p> <\/li> <li> <p><strong>provide examples of different forms of fruit and seed dispersal?<\/strong><\/p> <\/li> <\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/biomass\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go back to the Biomass Page<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/decomposers\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go forward to the Decomposers Page<\/h5>\n<h3>Food Webs Lecture Guide Contents<\/h3>\n\n<h6>This guide and lecture material are assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/functional-groups\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Functional Groups\" alt=\"Functional Groups\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/functional-groups\/#\"> Functional Groups <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/biomass\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Biomass\" alt=\"Biomass\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/biomass\/#\"> Biomass <\/a> <\/h3>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Energy &amp; Nutrients - YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Energy &amp; Nutrients - YOU ARE HERE\"> <h3> Energy & Nutrients - YOU ARE HERE <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/decomposers\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Decomposers\" alt=\"Decomposers\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/decomposers\/#\"> Decomposers <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Back to Module 4<\/h3> <h5>This week's overview<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/consumers\/food-webs\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\"> <\/a>\n<h3>This Guide<\/h3> <h5>Food Webs<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\" alt=\"4b3 Energy &#038; Nutrients\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3> <h5>Submit Products<\/h5>","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27814","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27814"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27814\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28050,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27814\/revisions\/28050"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27765"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27814"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}