{"id":28816,"date":"2025-10-30T21:35:04","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T21:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/?page_id=28816"},"modified":"2025-10-31T01:34:08","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T01:34:08","slug":"geologic-time","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/geologic-time\/","title":{"rendered":"7b1 Geologic Time"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-28816\" data-postid=\"28816\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-28816 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n                    <div  data-css_id=\"sh40804\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_sh40804 tb_first tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_oy4l804 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_rn8w804 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module fancy heading -->\n<div  class=\"module module-fancy-heading tb_lx0m804  tb_hide_divider\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <h1 class=\"fancy-heading tf_textc\">\n    <span class=\"main-head tf_block\">\n                    Geologic Time            <\/span>\n\n    \n    <span class=\"sub-head tf_block tf_rel\">\n                    Billions of Years of Life on Earth            <\/span>\n    <\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module fancy heading -->\n<!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_7zv1804 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"rfdp352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_rfdp352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_ldlx352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_8xvo352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.23.07-PM.png\" width=\"925\" height=\"670\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_1tdu352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_wgfm352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3 style=\"letter-spacing: normal;\"><strong>Geologic Time Objectives:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"no4j352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_no4j352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_0ika352 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_d2yk352 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/309581271?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_tljw352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_wbgg352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>Science is limited to observable phenomena, meaning there needs to be\u00a0 direct or indirect evidence that something has occurred.\u00a0 In the case of the distant past, far before human recorded history, layers of rock and the fossils they contain are the primary evidence of life.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"oxfo352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_oxfo352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_qgqy352 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gssi352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Geologic time<\/strong> refers to Earth&#8217;s history recorded in crystals and rocks over billions of years.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Since humans were not alive for most of Earth&#8217;s 4.6 billion year history, different forms of indirect evidence have to be used to piece together early environmental conditions and forms of life.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_vsy7352 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_hw3i352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/layers-ss-1024x679.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"o4zt352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_o4zt352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_maq8352 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_f6m0352 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/308941722?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_zrt3352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_tbst352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6><strong>Stratigraphy<\/strong>\u00a0is a field in geology related to studying layers of rock, also called strata.\u00a0 Organic and inorganic materials deposit in layers over time, and stratigraphy explains these processes.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ihzk352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ihzk352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_kama352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_cd4f352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/geo-park-1024x598.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_grf1352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_fzo7352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">The deepest rock layers are generally the oldest.\u00a0 Earthquakes, floods, and glacial melt can fold and bend the Earth, leaving behind evidence of Earth&#8217;s major changes above and below water.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">This geological park in Gansu province, China shows long swaths of time and mineral deposition.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"svls352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_svls352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_sacd352 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_82s3352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>Biostratigraphy uses fossils to determine the age range of rock layers.\u00a0 Certain species or groups of species only existed at one point in time, and their presence indicates that general time period.\u00a0 For example, the brachiopod shelled animal pictured existed approximately 350-415 mya (million years ago).<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_uz3r352 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_gdq1352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1024px-Mucrospirifer_mucronatus_Silica_Shale-1024x604.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ehl0352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ehl0352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_fbwe352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_w0sv352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/fossil-wood-ss-1024x682.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_n8ao352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_5zly352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Geochronology<\/strong> is using radioactive isotope measurements to determine the age of sediments and the fossils they contain.\u00a0 Constant radioactive decay rates can be used to establish the age of source materials.\u00a0 There are now dozens of different isotopes used to determine age over different periods of time.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"3jy0352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_3jy0352 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_qsfe352 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ounx352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ounx352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_rpik352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ubsa352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/beverly-beach-mark-b-1024x575.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_9jpk352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_hrih352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Let&#8217;s put this into a real-world application: finding fossils on a trip.<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Just north of Newport, Oregon is Beverly Beach, a state park known for overnight camping and one of the easiest to access fossil beds we&#8217;ve ever visited.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"9mev352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_9mev352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_9h4h352 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_alnh352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">The fossils are on an eroding cliffside under highway 101, and are continually exposed by wind, rain, and occasional high waves.<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Note: always check to see if collecting is legal in a particular location and wear eye protection if extracting fossils from rock.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_havj352 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_plab352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Beverly-Beach-Astoria-Form-B-1-1024x685.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"30ti352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_30ti352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_u07q352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_7gw3352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/beverly-beach-fossils-hand-1024x768.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_7qlx352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_axo5352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Stratigraphy and geochronology indicate that the formation dates to approximately 15 million years ago. This was ocean bottom, so there are fossilized mollusk shells, especially clams and snails.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"911m352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_911m352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_40on352 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_zjww352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5><strong>These are fossils we found eroded off of the cliff face.<\/strong><\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_oxyl352 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/309578604?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"pspx352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_pspx352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_kyer352 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_pc51352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5><strong>Since most organisms are microscopic, microfossils are an area of active research into the past.<\/strong><\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_bqsv352 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/317707570?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"sgyh352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_sgyh352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_1ecs352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ezxy352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/microfossil-samples-1024x609.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_t1js352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_8rjj352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">This is our latest batch of microfossils, collected by enthusiasts from beaches and rock formations around the world.<\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">We poured the sample vials and capsules\u00a0 into a glass dish and viewed them at around 15x magnification.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"siot352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_siot352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_ztva352 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_b00d352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">The different &#8220;sands&#8221; are made up of small rocks and microfossils.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_3 tb_k17q352\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col3-1 tb_117d352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_klnu352 image-center circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/calcaire-15x-1024x928.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"15x\" alt=\"Fossilized shells of  the Eocene, collected from the Calcaire limestone beds of Damery, France\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    15x                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Fossilized shells of  the Eocene, collected from the Calcaire limestone beds of Damery, France        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col3-1 tb_5t8n352\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_0482352 image-center circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/microbrachio-15-1024x874.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"15x\" alt=\"Gray microbrachiopod pieces are scattered within this Silurian Era sample from the Halla Beds of Gotland, Sweden.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    15x                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Gray microbrachiopod pieces are scattered within this Silurian Era sample from the Halla Beds of Gotland, Sweden.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col3-1 tb_obx5352 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_rsu2352 image-center rounded circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/new-guinea-17x-1024x881.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"17x\" alt=\"Agates and broken shells of the Holocene in an eroded mountain sample from Papau, New Guinea\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    17x                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Agates and broken shells of the Holocene in an eroded mountain sample from Papau, New Guinea        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"50px,50px\" data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-css_id=\"r43j352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_r43j352 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_moew352 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_tx6b352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"mxjn352\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_mxjn352 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_7o05352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_5uzh352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.52.40-PM.png\" width=\"439\" height=\"528\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_c4w1352 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gm2d352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">It is not only species that have arisen and gone extinct over time; many land features have originated and then disappeared over time as well.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Willamette River that winds through the Willamette Valley in Oregon began forming approximately 35 million years ago through movement of continental plates and was only separated from the Pacific Ocean when the Coastal Mountain Range rose approximately 20 million years ago.\u00a0 That means there are marine fossils under layers of river soil.<\/p>\n<h6>\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ggpx351\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ggpx351 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_e8i8352 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_yk83352   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: right;\">15,000 years ago, melting glaciers in Montana created the &#8220;Missoula Flood&#8221; that scoured much of Washington and Oregon, depositing sediment and covering the river trench.\u00a0 Eventually the waters receded, leaving the river we enjoy today.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h6>\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_bv0o352 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_c6e6352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_1059272864.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"duhb351\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_duhb351 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_i8x7351 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_cepz351 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_374634370.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1117\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_8d03351 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_b727351   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Crater Lake is the main feature of Oregon&#8217;s only national park.\u00a0 As it sounds, it is a lake that began forming in the crater made when the volcano Mount Mazama collapsed 7,700 years ago.\u00a0 This is so recent that the Klamath people have an oral history passed on from individuals who witnessed the collapse.<\/p>\n<h6>\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"3ath351\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_3ath351 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_ewzr351 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_j5rj351   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The geologic stories of lakes and rivers impact the life found within these ecosystems.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"ai89351\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_ai89351 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_p4v6351 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_6plb351   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The next section introduces river ecosystems, including how they can change over time.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"8bx1351\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_8bx1351 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_vekh351 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_hd8h351 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.23.07-PM.png\" width=\"925\" height=\"670\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_1wno351 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_bylg351   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3 style=\"letter-spacing: normal;\"><strong>Check your knowledge. Can you:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"0dt0351\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_0dt0351 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle gutter-none tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_r95l351 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_8aim351 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gjby351   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go back to the Long-Term Guide Overview<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_c61o351 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_pxxs351 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_tg62351   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go forward to the Streams Page<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_c0yg351 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_hm8s351 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_aq6l351   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Long-Term Guide Contents<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module divider -->\n<div  class=\"module tf_mw module-divider tb_ze6c351 solid  divider-custom divider-center\" style=\"border-width: 3px;border-color: #3f8f76;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;max-width: 120px;\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n    <\/div>\n<!-- \/module divider -->\n<!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_36e1351   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>Complete all four of these sections before taking the quiz and making your media piece.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_4 tb_3apr351\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_umrs351 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_2847351 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_m0zn351\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_x84r351 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Streams\" alt=\"Streams\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\">\n                        Streams                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_i5hd351\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_odjn351 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/lakes\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Lakes\" alt=\"Lakes\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/lakes\/#\">\n                        Lakes                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_ryrw351 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_46o1351 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/wetlands\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Wetlands\" alt=\"Wetlands\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/wetlands\/#\">\n                        Wetlands                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"nrgt33\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_nrgt33 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top gutter-none tb_col_count_4 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_ynrk33 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_yuhn33 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_yn6533   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Back to Module 7<\/h3>\n<h5>Change<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_gqdm33\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_v89h33 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_6kai33   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>This Guide<\/h3>\n<h5>7B: Long-Term<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_72os33\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_rca133 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/products\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Product-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_87m633   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Products Information<\/h3>\n<h5>7B: Quiz &amp; Media<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_xal333 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_94fu33 image-top drop-shadow circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_32c533   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3>\n<h5>Submit Products<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Geologic Time Objectives: Define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information. Define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks. Describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":28779,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-28816","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"builder_content":"<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<h1>Geologic Time<br\/>Billions of Years of Life on Earth<\/h1>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.23.07-PM.png\" width=\"925\" height=\"670\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<h3 style=\"letter-spacing: normal;\"><strong>Geologic Time Objectives:<\/strong><\/h3> <ul> <li><strong>Define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information.<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks.<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems.<\/strong><\/li> <\/ul>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/309581271[\/embed]\n<h6>Science is limited to observable phenomena, meaning there needs to be\u00a0 direct or indirect evidence that something has occurred.\u00a0 In the case of the distant past, far before human recorded history, layers of rock and the fossils they contain are the primary evidence of life.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Geologic time<\/strong> refers to Earth's history recorded in crystals and rocks over billions of years.<\/h6> <h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0<\/h6> <h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Since humans were not alive for most of Earth's 4.6 billion year history, different forms of indirect evidence have to be used to piece together early environmental conditions and forms of life.<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/layers-ss-1024x679.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/308941722[\/embed]\n<h6><strong>Stratigraphy<\/strong>\u00a0is a field in geology related to studying layers of rock, also called strata.\u00a0 Organic and inorganic materials deposit in layers over time, and stratigraphy explains these processes.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/geo-park-1024x598.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">The deepest rock layers are generally the oldest.\u00a0 Earthquakes, floods, and glacial melt can fold and bend the Earth, leaving behind evidence of Earth's major changes above and below water.<\/h6> <h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">This geological park in Gansu province, China shows long swaths of time and mineral deposition.<\/h6>\n<h6>Biostratigraphy uses fossils to determine the age range of rock layers.\u00a0 Certain species or groups of species only existed at one point in time, and their presence indicates that general time period.\u00a0 For example, the brachiopod shelled animal pictured existed approximately 350-415 mya (million years ago).<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1024px-Mucrospirifer_mucronatus_Silica_Shale-1024x604.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/fossil-wood-ss-1024x682.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Geochronology<\/strong> is using radioactive isotope measurements to determine the age of sediments and the fossils they contain.\u00a0 Constant radioactive decay rates can be used to establish the age of source materials.\u00a0 There are now dozens of different isotopes used to determine age over different periods of time.<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/beverly-beach-mark-b-1024x575.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Let's put this into a real-world application: finding fossils on a trip.<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Just north of Newport, Oregon is Beverly Beach, a state park known for overnight camping and one of the easiest to access fossil beds we've ever visited.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">The fossils are on an eroding cliffside under highway 101, and are continually exposed by wind, rain, and occasional high waves.<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p> <p style=\"text-align: right;\">Note: always check to see if collecting is legal in a particular location and wear eye protection if extracting fossils from rock.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Beverly-Beach-Astoria-Form-B-1-1024x685.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/beverly-beach-fossils-hand-1024x768.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Stratigraphy and geochronology indicate that the formation dates to approximately 15 million years ago. This was ocean bottom, so there are fossilized mollusk shells, especially clams and snails.<\/h5>\n<h5><strong>These are fossils we found eroded off of the cliff face.<\/strong><\/h5>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/309578604[\/embed]\n<h5><strong>Since most organisms are microscopic, microfossils are an area of active research into the past.<\/strong><\/h5>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/317707570[\/embed]\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/microfossil-samples-1024x609.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">This is our latest batch of microfossils, collected by enthusiasts from beaches and rock formations around the world.<\/h5> <h5>\u00a0<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">We poured the sample vials and capsules\u00a0 into a glass dish and viewed them at around 15x magnification.<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">The different \"sands\" are made up of small rocks and microfossils.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/calcaire-15x-1024x928.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"15x\" alt=\"Fossilized shells of the Eocene, collected from the Calcaire limestone beds of Damery, France\"> <h3> 15x <\/h3> Fossilized shells of the Eocene, collected from the Calcaire limestone beds of Damery, France\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/microbrachio-15-1024x874.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"15x\" alt=\"Gray microbrachiopod pieces are scattered within this Silurian Era sample from the Halla Beds of Gotland, Sweden.\"> <h3> 15x <\/h3> Gray microbrachiopod pieces are scattered within this Silurian Era sample from the Halla Beds of Gotland, Sweden.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/new-guinea-17x-1024x881.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"17x\" alt=\"Agates and broken shells of the Holocene in an eroded mountain sample from Papau, New Guinea\"> <h3> 17x <\/h3> Agates and broken shells of the Holocene in an eroded mountain sample from Papau, New Guinea\n\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.52.40-PM.png\" width=\"439\" height=\"528\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">It is not only species that have arisen and gone extinct over time; many land features have originated and then disappeared over time as well.\u00a0<\/p> <p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Willamette River that winds through the Willamette Valley in Oregon began forming approximately 35 million years ago through movement of continental plates and was only separated from the Pacific Ocean when the Coastal Mountain Range rose approximately 20 million years ago.\u00a0 That means there are marine fossils under layers of river soil.<\/p> <h6>\u00a0<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">15,000 years ago, melting glaciers in Montana created the \"Missoula Flood\" that scoured much of Washington and Oregon, depositing sediment and covering the river trench.\u00a0 Eventually the waters receded, leaving the river we enjoy today.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p> <h6>\u00a0<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_1059272864.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_374634370.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1117\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Crater Lake is the main feature of Oregon's only national park.\u00a0 As it sounds, it is a lake that began forming in the crater made when the volcano Mount Mazama collapsed 7,700 years ago.\u00a0 This is so recent that the Klamath people have an oral history passed on from individuals who witnessed the collapse.<\/p> <h6>\u00a0<\/h6>\n<h5>The geologic stories of lakes and rivers impact the life found within these ecosystems.<\/h5>\n<h5>The next section introduces river ecosystems, including how they can change over time.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.23.07-PM.png\" width=\"925\" height=\"670\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\">\n<h3 style=\"letter-spacing: normal;\"><strong>Check your knowledge. Can you:<\/strong><\/h3> <ul> <li><strong>Define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information?<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks?<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems?<\/strong><\/li> <\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go back to the Long-Term Guide Overview<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go forward to the Streams Page<\/h5>\n<h3>Long-Term Guide Contents<\/h3>\n\n<h6>Complete all four of these sections before taking the quiz and making your media piece.<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE\"> <h3> Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Streams\" alt=\"Streams\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\"> Streams <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/lakes\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Lakes\" alt=\"Lakes\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/lakes\/#\"> Lakes <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/wetlands\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Wetlands\" alt=\"Wetlands\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/wetlands\/#\"> Wetlands <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Back to Module 7<\/h3> <h5>Change<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h3>This Guide<\/h3> <h5>7B: Long-Term<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/online-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/products\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Product-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Products Information<\/h3> <h5>7B: Quiz &amp; Media<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"7b1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7b1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3> <h5>Submit Products<\/h5>","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28816"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29074,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28816\/revisions\/29074"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28779"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}