{"id":28831,"date":"2025-10-30T21:38:26","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T21:38:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/?page_id=28831"},"modified":"2025-11-06T21:44:25","modified_gmt":"2025-11-06T21:44:25","slug":"geologic-time","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/geologic-time\/","title":{"rendered":"7a1 Geologic Time"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-28831\" data-postid=\"28831\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-28831 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n                    <div  data-css_id=\"hgx8395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_hgx8395 tb_first tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_6jsy395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_il8j395 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module fancy heading -->\n<div  class=\"module module-fancy-heading tb_6gz9395  tb_hide_divider\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <h1 class=\"fancy-heading tf_textc\">\n    <span class=\"main-head tf_block\">\n                    Geologic Time            <\/span>\n\n    \n    <span class=\"sub-head tf_block tf_rel\">\n                    Billions of Years of Life on Earth            <\/span>\n    <\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module fancy heading -->\n<!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ae0d395 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"il9d395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_il9d395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_mzid395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ky57395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.23.07-PM.png\" width=\"925\" height=\"670\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_vcj5395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_smou395    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3><strong>Geologic Time Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_zzen395    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li><strong>Define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"agtf395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_agtf395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_s997395 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_cwmy395 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/309581271?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_4n4u395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_keyk395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>Science is limited to observable phenomena, meaning there needs to be\u00a0 direct or indirect evidence that something has occurred.\u00a0 In the case of the distant past, far before human recorded history, layers of rock and the fossils they contain are the primary evidence of life.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"w509395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_w509395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_4b38395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_zwws395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Geologic time<\/strong> refers to Earth&#8217;s history recorded in crystals and rocks over billions of years.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Since humans were not alive for most of Earth&#8217;s 4.6 billion year history, different forms of indirect evidence have to be used to piece together early environmental conditions and forms of life.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_136z395 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_3ihx395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/layers-ss-1024x679.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"9ma9395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_9ma9395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_e61y395 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_6dmo395 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/308941722?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_eaz2395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_a1vs395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6><strong>Stratigraphy<\/strong>\u00a0is a field in geology related to studying layers of rock, also called strata.\u00a0 Organic and inorganic materials deposit in layers over time, and stratigraphy explains these processes.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"1yfq395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_1yfq395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_zs0t395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_tzkk395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/geo-park-1024x598.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_lyoy395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_a20x395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">The deepest rock layers are generally the oldest.\u00a0 Earthquakes, floods, and glacial melt can fold and bend the Earth, leaving behind evidence of Earth&#8217;s major changes above and below water.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">This geological park in Gansu province, China shows long swaths of time and mineral deposition.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"u7el395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_u7el395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_0mda395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_07bl395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>Biostratigraphy uses fossils to determine the age range of rock layers.\u00a0 Certain species or groups of species only existed at one point in time, and their presence indicates that general time period.\u00a0 For example, the brachiopod shelled animal pictured existed approximately 350-415 mya (million years ago).<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_ocad395 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_b7bq395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1024px-Mucrospirifer_mucronatus_Silica_Shale-1024x604.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ohq9395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ohq9395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_0fva395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_s98a395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/fossil-wood-ss-1024x682.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_b23n395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_bztj395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Geochronology<\/strong> is using radioactive isotope measurements to determine the age of sediments and the fossils they contain.\u00a0 Constant radioactive decay rates can be used to establish the age of source materials.\u00a0 There are now dozens of different isotopes used to determine age over different periods of time.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"hmg9395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_hmg9395 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_jxnw395 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"y0gl395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_y0gl395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_77ej395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_u8i2395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/beverly-beach-mark-b-1024x575.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_zmin395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_qzw8395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Let&#8217;s put this into a real-world application: finding fossils on a trip.<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Just north of Newport, Oregon is Beverly Beach, a state park known for overnight camping and one of the easiest to access fossil beds we&#8217;ve ever visited.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"mxd4395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_mxd4395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_e7er395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_0sue395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">The fossils are on an eroding cliffside under highway 101, and are continually exposed by wind, rain, and occasional high waves.<\/h5>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Note: always check to see if collecting is legal in a particular location and wear eye protection if extracting fossils from rock.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_ne4i395 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_iv9u395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Beverly-Beach-Astoria-Form-B-1-1024x685.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"h9lx395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_h9lx395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_qfvc395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_6bdm395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/beverly-beach-fossils-hand-1024x768.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_0zzz395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ydr3395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Stratigraphy and geochronology indicate that the formation dates to approximately 15 million years ago. This was ocean bottom, so there are fossilized mollusk shells, especially clams and snails.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"9rug395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_9rug395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_6zg7395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_i1kz395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5><strong>These are fossils we found eroded off of the cliff face.<\/strong><\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_71j3395 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/309578604?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"dru1395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_dru1395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_lt3q395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_eqec395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5><strong>Since most organisms are microscopic, microfossils are an area of active research into the past.<\/strong><\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_qdgn395 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/317707570?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"ugvv395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_ugvv395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_o1nk395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_qni1395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/microfossil-samples-1024x609.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_hv24395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_rxc6395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">This is our latest batch of microfossils, collected by enthusiasts from beaches and rock formations around the world.<\/h5>\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">We poured the sample vials and capsules\u00a0 into a glass dish and viewed them at around 15x magnification.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"b8go395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_b8go395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_k2lg395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_3e1u395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">The different &#8220;sands&#8221; are made up of small rocks and microfossils.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_3 tb_ggd3395\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col3-1 tb_lm9g395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ci1v395 image-center circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/calcaire-15x-1024x928.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"15x\" alt=\"Fossilized shells of  the Eocene, collected from the Calcaire limestone beds of Damery, France\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    15x                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Fossilized shells of  the Eocene, collected from the Calcaire limestone beds of Damery, France        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col3-1 tb_oi6j395\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_xmdv395 image-center circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/microbrachio-15-1024x874.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"15x\" alt=\"Gray microbrachiopod pieces are scattered within this Silurian Era sample from the Halla Beds of Gotland, Sweden.\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    15x                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Gray microbrachiopod pieces are scattered within this Silurian Era sample from the Halla Beds of Gotland, Sweden.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col3-1 tb_75g5395 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_2sry395 image-center rounded circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/new-guinea-17x-1024x881.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"17x\" alt=\"Agates and broken shells of the Holocene in an eroded mountain sample from Papau, New Guinea\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    17x                            <\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Agates and broken shells of the Holocene in an eroded mountain sample from Papau, New Guinea        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"50px,50px\" data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-css_id=\"evci395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_evci395 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_1x4s395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ymtx395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"1ju2395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_1ju2395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_alca395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_cgnl395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.52.40-PM.png\" width=\"439\" height=\"528\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_8ypm395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_vxr1395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">It is not only species that have arisen and gone extinct over time; many land features have originated and then disappeared over time as well.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Willamette River that winds through the Willamette Valley in Oregon began forming approximately 35 million years ago through movement of continental plates and was only separated from the Pacific Ocean when the Coastal Mountain Range rose approximately 20 million years ago.\u00a0 That means there are marine fossils under layers of river soil.<\/p>\n<h6>\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"1bww395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_1bww395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_desx395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_mejk395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: right;\">15,000 years ago, melting glaciers in Montana created the &#8220;Missoula Flood&#8221; that scoured much of Washington and Oregon, depositing sediment and covering the river trench.\u00a0 Eventually the waters receded, leaving the river we enjoy today.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h6>\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_3mk0395 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_m13s395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_1059272864.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"faye395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_faye395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_b426395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_7rr4395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_374634370.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1117\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_cdcr395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gtdq395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Crater Lake is the main feature of Oregon&#8217;s only national park.\u00a0 As it sounds, it is a lake that began forming in the crater made when the volcano Mount Mazama collapsed 7,700 years ago.\u00a0 This is so recent that the Klamath people have an oral history passed on from individuals who witnessed the collapse.<\/p>\n<h6>\u00a0<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"fg1m395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_fg1m395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_h7lm395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_wha4395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The geologic stories of lakes and rivers impact the life found within these ecosystems.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"h5g1395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_h5g1395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_23zq395 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_xmkl395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>The next section introduces river ecosystems, including how they can change over time.<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"il25395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_il25395 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_4xwx395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_24sy395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.23.07-PM.png\" width=\"925\" height=\"670\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_jox5395 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_fl0q395    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_rnrg395    wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li><strong>define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"zuqx395\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_zuqx395 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle gutter-none tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_3ivb395 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_db75395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_bnnl395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go back to the Long-Term Guide Overview<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_jsfr395 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_lurx395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_tsq0395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Go forward to the Streams Page<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_caas394 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_d8qy394 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_g2h0395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Long-Term Lecture Guide Contents<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module divider -->\n<div  class=\"module tf_mw module-divider tb_p8pw395 solid  divider-custom divider-center\" style=\"border-width: 3px;border-color: #3f8f76;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;max-width: 120px;\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n    <\/div>\n<!-- \/module divider -->\n<!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_e6mr395   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>This guide and lecture material are assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_4 tb_d7q6394\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_wnor395 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_dun9395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_ki3g395\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_u0nz395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Streams\" alt=\"Streams\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\">\n                        Streams                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_2358395\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_ynm5395 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/lakes\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Lakes\" alt=\"Lakes\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/lakes\/#\">\n                        Lakes                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_wefy394 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_6x8o394 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/wetlands\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Wetlands\" alt=\"Wetlands\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/wetlands\/#\">\n                        Wetlands                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"w6k8394\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_w6k8394 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top gutter-none tb_col_count_3 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_dphw394 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_new1394 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_k31j394   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Back to Module 7<\/h3>\n<h5>Change<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_34tz394\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_6czn394 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/#\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_78pc394   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>This Guide<\/h3>\n<h5>Long-Term<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_vvol394 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_w6lq394 image-top circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\">\n                   <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ipxi394   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3>\n<h5>Submit Products<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Geologic Time Objectives<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":29250,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-28831","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"builder_content":"<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<h1>Geologic Time<br\/>Billions of Years of Life on Earth<\/h1>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gTe5G8KLc-1024x1024.png\" width=\"50\" height=\"1024\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.23.07-PM.png\" width=\"925\" height=\"670\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<h3><strong>Geologic Time Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul> <li><strong>Define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information.<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks.<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems.<\/strong><\/li> <\/ul>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/309581271[\/embed]\n<h6>Science is limited to observable phenomena, meaning there needs to be\u00a0 direct or indirect evidence that something has occurred.\u00a0 In the case of the distant past, far before human recorded history, layers of rock and the fossils they contain are the primary evidence of life.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Geologic time<\/strong> refers to Earth's history recorded in crystals and rocks over billions of years.<\/h6> <h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0<\/h6> <h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">Since humans were not alive for most of Earth's 4.6 billion year history, different forms of indirect evidence have to be used to piece together early environmental conditions and forms of life.<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/layers-ss-1024x679.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/308941722[\/embed]\n<h6><strong>Stratigraphy<\/strong>\u00a0is a field in geology related to studying layers of rock, also called strata.\u00a0 Organic and inorganic materials deposit in layers over time, and stratigraphy explains these processes.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/geo-park-1024x598.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">The deepest rock layers are generally the oldest.\u00a0 Earthquakes, floods, and glacial melt can fold and bend the Earth, leaving behind evidence of Earth's major changes above and below water.<\/h6> <h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">This geological park in Gansu province, China shows long swaths of time and mineral deposition.<\/h6>\n<h6>Biostratigraphy uses fossils to determine the age range of rock layers.\u00a0 Certain species or groups of species only existed at one point in time, and their presence indicates that general time period.\u00a0 For example, the brachiopod shelled animal pictured existed approximately 350-415 mya (million years ago).<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1024px-Mucrospirifer_mucronatus_Silica_Shale-1024x604.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/fossil-wood-ss-1024x682.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Geochronology<\/strong> is using radioactive isotope measurements to determine the age of sediments and the fossils they contain.\u00a0 Constant radioactive decay rates can be used to establish the age of source materials.\u00a0 There are now dozens of different isotopes used to determine age over different periods of time.<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/beverly-beach-mark-b-1024x575.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Let's put this into a real-world application: finding fossils on a trip.<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Just north of Newport, Oregon is Beverly Beach, a state park known for overnight camping and one of the easiest to access fossil beds we've ever visited.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\">The fossils are on an eroding cliffside under highway 101, and are continually exposed by wind, rain, and occasional high waves.<\/h5> <p>\u00a0<\/p> <p style=\"text-align: right;\">Note: always check to see if collecting is legal in a particular location and wear eye protection if extracting fossils from rock.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Beverly-Beach-Astoria-Form-B-1-1024x685.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/beverly-beach-fossils-hand-1024x768.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">Stratigraphy and geochronology indicate that the formation dates to approximately 15 million years ago. This was ocean bottom, so there are fossilized mollusk shells, especially clams and snails.<\/h5>\n<h5><strong>These are fossils we found eroded off of the cliff face.<\/strong><\/h5>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/309578604[\/embed]\n<h5><strong>Since most organisms are microscopic, microfossils are an area of active research into the past.<\/strong><\/h5>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/317707570[\/embed]\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/microfossil-samples-1024x609.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"350\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">This is our latest batch of microfossils, collected by enthusiasts from beaches and rock formations around the world.<\/h5> <h5>\u00a0<\/h5> <h5 style=\"text-align: left;\">We poured the sample vials and capsules\u00a0 into a glass dish and viewed them at around 15x magnification.<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">The different \"sands\" are made up of small rocks and microfossils.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/calcaire-15x-1024x928.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"15x\" alt=\"Fossilized shells of the Eocene, collected from the Calcaire limestone beds of Damery, France\"> <h3> 15x <\/h3> Fossilized shells of the Eocene, collected from the Calcaire limestone beds of Damery, France\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/microbrachio-15-1024x874.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"15x\" alt=\"Gray microbrachiopod pieces are scattered within this Silurian Era sample from the Halla Beds of Gotland, Sweden.\"> <h3> 15x <\/h3> Gray microbrachiopod pieces are scattered within this Silurian Era sample from the Halla Beds of Gotland, Sweden.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/new-guinea-17x-1024x881.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" title=\"17x\" alt=\"Agates and broken shells of the Holocene in an eroded mountain sample from Papau, New Guinea\"> <h3> 17x <\/h3> Agates and broken shells of the Holocene in an eroded mountain sample from Papau, New Guinea\n\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.52.40-PM.png\" width=\"439\" height=\"528\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">It is not only species that have arisen and gone extinct over time; many land features have originated and then disappeared over time as well.\u00a0<\/p> <p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Willamette River that winds through the Willamette Valley in Oregon began forming approximately 35 million years ago through movement of continental plates and was only separated from the Pacific Ocean when the Coastal Mountain Range rose approximately 20 million years ago.\u00a0 That means there are marine fossils under layers of river soil.<\/p> <h6>\u00a0<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">15,000 years ago, melting glaciers in Montana created the \"Missoula Flood\" that scoured much of Washington and Oregon, depositing sediment and covering the river trench.\u00a0 Eventually the waters receded, leaving the river we enjoy today.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p> <h6>\u00a0<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_1059272864.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_374634370.jpg\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1117\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Crater Lake is the main feature of Oregon's only national park.\u00a0 As it sounds, it is a lake that began forming in the crater made when the volcano Mount Mazama collapsed 7,700 years ago.\u00a0 This is so recent that the Klamath people have an oral history passed on from individuals who witnessed the collapse.<\/p> <h6>\u00a0<\/h6>\n<h5>The geologic stories of lakes and rivers impact the life found within these ecosystems.<\/h5>\n<h5>The next section introduces river ecosystems, including how they can change over time.<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/biotas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screen-Shot-2020-11-01-at-9.23.07-PM.png\" width=\"925\" height=\"670\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\">\n<h5>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/h5>\n<ul> <li><strong>define stratigraphy and explain how layers of rocks can provide information?<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>define geochronology, including what is used to date fossil rocks?<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>describe the types of fossils found in Oregon coastal areas, as well as the history of significant freshwater ecosystems?<\/strong><\/li> <\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go back to the Long-Term Guide Overview<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h5>Go forward to the Streams Page<\/h5>\n<h3>Long-Term Lecture Guide Contents<\/h3>\n\n<h6>This guide and lecture material are assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE\"> <h3> Geologic Time - YOU ARE HERE <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Streams\" alt=\"Streams\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/streams\/#\"> Streams <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/lakes\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Lakes\" alt=\"Lakes\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/lakes\/#\"> Lakes <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/wetlands\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Wetlands\" alt=\"Wetlands\"> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/wetlands\/#\"> Wetlands <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Back to Module 7<\/h3> <h5>Change<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/campus-envirobio\/change\/long-term\/#\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"1000\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h3>This Guide<\/h3> <h5>Long-Term<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" title=\"7a1 Geologic Time\" alt=\"7a1 Geologic Time\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3> <h5>Submit Products<\/h5>","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28831","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28831"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28831\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29516,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28831\/revisions\/29516"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/29250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vividscience.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28831"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}